Although there is no standardized UICC staging system, the system cited by Masaoka, 1981 is commonly employed.
Intact capsule or growth within the capsule.
Invasion into surrounding fatty tissue or mediastinal pleura.
- Stage II A: microscopic invasion through capsule
- Stage II B: macroscopic and microscopic invasion through capsule
Macroscopic invasion into neighbouring organs (pericardium, great vessels, lung).
Pleural or pericardial dissemination.
Lymphogenous or hematogenous metastasis.
Masaoka, A., Monden, Y., Nakahara, K., et al. (1981). Follow-up study of thymomas with special reference to their clinical stages. Cancer;48:2485-2492.
Click for larger image.
